Fuels, energy, and the environment

Author

• Karim, Ghazi A.

Additional Author(s)

-

Publisher

Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2013

Language

English

ISBN

9781466510173

Series

Subject(s)

• ENERGY CONSERVATION
• RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Notes

• Glossary: p. 317-324

. Bibliography: p. 314-315, 325-332. Index: p. 333-341

Abstract

"Developed specifically for mechanical chemical, and petroleum engineering students, this book provides an up-to-date, informed, well-integrated, and balanced overview of the field of fuels science and technology with particular reference to energy supplies, efficiency, and the environment. It is an integrated yet simplified and concise presentation of the factors and processes that control the suitability of various types of fuels in combustion systems and their impact on the environment. This approach also links supportively with related conventional engineering courses such as thermodynamics, combustion, environmental engineering, chemistry, and materials"--

Physical Dimension

Number of Page(s)

xv, 341 p.

Dimension

24 cm.

Other Desc.

ill.

Summary / Review / Table of Content

1 Introduction 1 --
1.1 Preamble 1 --
1.2 Different Forms of Energy 2 --
1.3 Primary Sources of Energy 2 --
1.4 Non-Fossil Fuel Based Energy 4 --
1.4.1 Hydropower 4 --
1.4.2 Ocean/Wave Energy 4 --
1.4.3 Wind Energy 4 --
1.4.4 Solar Energy 5 --
1.4.5 Geothermal Energy 9 --
1.4.6 Nuclear Energy 9 --
1.5 Considering the Losses of Energy from Its Production Source to Its Point of Consumption 10 --
1.6 Energy Resources Exploitation 11 --
1.7 Synopsis 12 --
Bibliography 13 --
2 Fuels in General 15 --
2.1 Introduction 15 --
2.2 Some of the Main Desirable Properties of Fuels 16 --
2.3 Some Relevant Units of Measurement 17 --
2.4 Some Patterns of Fuel and Energy Resources and Usage 20 --
2.5 Definitions of Reserves 21 --
2.6 Some General Observations about Fuel and Energy Statistics 23 --
2.7 Changes in the Consumption of Different Sources of Energy 24 --
2.8 Problems 26 --
2.9 Synopsis 30 --
Bibliography 30 --
3 Fuels Classification 33 --
3.1 Fossil Fuels 33 --
3.2 Hydrocarbon Fuels 33 --
3.2.1 Paraffinic Series, C_nH_2n+2 (Saturated, All with Single "C" Bonds) 34 --
3.2.2 Olefin Series, C_nH_2n (Unsaturated with One Double Bond between Two C Atoms 34 --
3.2.3 Acetylene Series, C_nH_2n-2 (Unsaturated with One Triple Bond between Two C Atoms) 36 --
3.2.4 Naphthenes or Cycloparaffins, C_nH_2n (Closed Chain with Single and Saturated Bonds) 36 --
3.2.5 Aromatics, C_nH_2n-6 (Unsaturated Ring Compounds) 37 --
3.3 Some Oxygenated Compounds 38 --
3.4 Problems 40 --
3.5 Synopsis 41 --
Bibliography 41 --
4 Fuel-Consuming Energy Systems 43 --
4.1 Fuel-Consuming Work-Producing Devices 43 --
4.2 Work and Heat 44 --
4.3 Efficiency 45 --
4.4 Fuel Energy Systems 47 --
4.4.1 Internal Combustion Engines 47 --
4.4.1.1 Various Types of Reciprocating Engines 48 --
4.5 Cogeneration 52 --
4.6 Fuel Consumption 54 --
4.7 Hybrid Engines 56 --
4.8 Choice of Energy Systems 57 --
4.9 Problems 58 --
4.10 Synopsis 58 --
Bibliography 59 --
5 Stoichiometry and Thermodynamics 61 --
5.1 Heating Value of Fuels 61 --
5.2 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 63 --
5.3 Procedure for Calculating the Temperature and Composition of the Products of Combustion, When Equilibrium Conditions Are Assumed 74 --
5.4 Calorimeters 78 --
5.5 Some Solved Examples 78 --
5.6 Problems 86 --
5.7 Synopsis 90 --
Bibliography 90 --
6 Chemical Kinetics of Fuel Combustion 93 --
6.1 Chemical Reactions 93 --
6.2 Combustion Chemical Kinetics 96 --
6.3 Solved Examples 103 --
6.4 Modeling Fuel Combustion Reactions 103 --
6.5 Types of Chemical Reactions Relevant to Fuels and Energy 106 --
6.6 Problems 107 --
6.7 Synopsis 108 --
Bibliography 108 --
7 Exhaust Emissions from the Combustion of Fuels 111 --
7.1 Products of Combustion of Fuels 111 --
7.2 Air Pollution Control 113 --
7.3 Catalytic Converters 119 --
7.4 Greenhouse Effect 121 --
7.5 Sulfur in Fuels 125 --
7.6 Fuel-Induced Corrosion of Metals 126 --
7.7 Solved Example 126 --
7.8 Problems 127 --
7.9 Synopsis 128 --
Bibliography 129 --
8 Combustion and Flames 131 --
8.1 Combustion, Flames, and Ignition Processes 131 --
8.2 Diffusion Flames versus Premixed Flames 135 --
8.3 Combustion Stability Characteristics 142 --
8.4 Fuel Combustion via Burners and Orifices 145 --
8.5 Combustion of Solid Fuels 146 --
8.6 Solid Fuels Combustion Using Fluidized Beds 148 --
8.7 Problems 150 --
8.8 Synopsis 151 --
Bibliography 152 --
9 Fire and Safety in Relation to Fuel Installations and Handling 155 --
9.1 Fuel Fires 155 --
9.2 Flammability Limits of Fuels 156 --
9.3 Some Protective Measures 162 --
9.4 Flash Point 164 --
9.5 Some Terms Related to Fuel Fires and Safety 167 --
9.6 Solved Example 168 --
9.7 Problems 170 --
9.8 Synopsis 172 --
Bibliography 173 --
10 Petroleum 175 --
10.1 Petroleum Reservoirs 175 --
10.2 Oil Recovery 177 --
10.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods 178 --
10.4 Oil Sands 182 --
10.5 Oil Shale 186 --
10.6 Problems 188 --
10.7 Synopsis 188 --
Bibliography 189 --
11 Refining of Petroleum 191 --
11.1 Need for Refining 191 --
11.2 Refining Chemical Processes 196 --
11.3 Catalysts and Their Action 197 --
11.4 Controls through Codes and Standards 198 --
11.5 Problems 199 --
11.6 Synopsis 199 --
Bibliography 199 --
12 Gasoline 201 --
12.1 Spark Ignition Gasoline-Fueled Engines 201 --
12.2 Volatility 203 --
12.3 Additives to Gasoline 206 --
12.4 Catalysts 207 --
12.5 Spark Ignition Engine Knock 207 --
12.6 Some Features of Engine Knock 209 --
12.7 Some Negative Effects of Knock in Spark Ignition Engines 210 --
12.8 Operational Knock Limits 211 --
12.9 Octane Number 213 --
12.10 Effects of Engine Variables for Increased Incidence of Knock 213 --
12.11 Knock Control 215 --
12.12 Three-Way Catalyst 215 --
12.13 Problems 216 --
12.14 Synopsis 217 --
Bibliography 218 --
13 Diesel Fuels and Some Other Liquid Fuels 221 --
13.1 Diesel Engine Combustion Processes 221 --
13.2 Ignition Delay in Diesel Engines 222 --
13.3 Diesel Engine Fuels 223 --
13.4 Diesel Engine Emissions 228 --
13.5 Biodiesel Fuels 229 --
13.6 Fischer-Tropsch Diesel 230 --
13.7 Dual-Fuel Engine 230 --
13.8 Liquid Fuels for Aviation Applications 231 --
13.9 Heavy Fuels for Boiler and Furnace Applications 234 --
13.10 Liquid and Solid Propellants 234 --
13.11 Solved Example 235 --
13.12 Problems 236 --
13.13 Some Definitions Associated with Liquid Fuels 237 --
13.14 Synopsis 239 --
Bibliography 239 --
14 Solid Fuels 241 --
14.1 Combustion of Solid Fuels 241 --
14.2 Coal 241 --
14.3 Case for Coal 244 --
14.4 Some Properties of Coal 246 --
14.5 Classification of Coals 248 --
14.6 Solved Examples 249 --
14.7 Coal Combustion in Fluidized Beds 251 --
14.8 Gasification of Coal 252 --
14.9 Underground Gasification of Coal 254 --
14.10 Other Solid Fuels 254 --
14.11 Coal Bed Methane 257 --
14.12 Solid Fuels as Propellants 257 --
14.13 Solved Example 258 --
14.14 Problems 259 --
14.15 Synopsis 260 --
Bibliography 260 --
15 Natural Gas and Other Gaseous Fuels 263 --
15.1 Merits of Operation on Gaseous Fuels 263 --
15.2 Natural Gas 265 --
15.3 Natural Gas Transmission 271 --
15.4 Flaring of Fuel Gases 275 --
15.5 Liquefied Natural Gas 276 --
15.6 LNG Safety 277 --
15.7 Hydrates of Methane 278 --
15.8 Comparison of Features of Natural-Gas-Fueled Gas Turbines with Those of Spark Ignition Engines 279 --
15.9 Propane and Liquefied Petroleum Gas 280 --
15.10 Solved Example 281 --
15.11 LPG Safety 284 --
15.12 Some Common Non-Natural Gas Mixtures 285 --
15.13 Landfill Gases 288 --
15.14 Biogas Fuels 289 --
15.15 Hydrogen Sulfide 290 --
15.16 Solved Examples 291 --
15.17 Problems 295 --
15.18 Some Gaseous Fuel Mixture Terms 296 --
15.19 Synopsis 296 --
Bibliography 297 --
16 Alternative Fuels 301 --
16.1 Introduction 301 --
16.2 Applications 303 --
16.3 Alcohols as Fuels 304 --
16.4 Hydrogen as a Fuel 306 --
16.5 Liquid Hydrogen 310 --
16.6 Compressed Natural Gas 311 --
16.7 Problems 313 --
16.8 Synopsis 313 --
Bibliography 314.

Exemplar(s)

#	Accession No.	Call Number	Location	Status
1.	00405/17	621.042 Kar F	Library - 7th Floor	Available